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Funding drought in SEA healthtech: 2024 marks worst year in seven years

Southeast Asia’s (SEA) healthtech and life sciences startup ecosystem is experiencing a significant funding downturn, with 2024 marking the lowest funding year in the past seven years, says a Tracxn report.

Despite a robust ecosystem of over 3,600 companies, only 322 have received funding to date.

Total funding for SEA healthtech and life sciences startups reached a low of US$123 million in 2024, a drastic 79 per cent drop from US$599 million in 2023, and a staggering 90 per cent decrease from US$1.1 billion in 2022.

Singapore dominated the region, accounting for 75 per cent of the funds raised with investments worth US$92 million in 2024. This funding contraction reflects a broader trend across Asia, which saw an 11 per cent drop in funding compared to the previous year.

Also Read: Rise of the machines: 20 robotics startups shaping Southeast Asia’s future

Several factors contributed to this decline, including macroeconomic uncertainties and geopolitical tensions, which have made investors more cautious.

Late-stage funding experienced an 87 per cent decrease, with only US$28.9 million raised in 2024, down from US$224 million in 2023. Early-stage funding also saw a steep decline, reaching US$77.6 million, a 77 per cent decrease compared to the US$339 million secured in 2023. Seed-stage funding was also affected, with total funding in 2024 at US$15.9 million, down 56 per cent from US$35.8 million in the previous year.

The second quarter of 2024 was the highest-funded quarter of 2024, raising US$41.2 million, a 63 per cent decrease from the US$109.8 million secured in the same quarter in 2023.

The first half of 2024 accounted for 57 per cent of the total funding in the sector.

HealthifyMe, a fitness and wellness platform, secured US$20 million in a Series C round, becoming the highest-funded company. Biobot Surgical, a developer of surgical automation devices, raised US$17.9 million in a Series B round.

Unlike previous years, 2024 did not witness any US$100 million-plus funding rounds.

Among the top-funded segments, employee health IT received US$26.5 million in funding, while the neurology sector saw total funding of US$22.7 million, a significant development as it had not recorded any funding in 2023. The fitness & wellness tech segment secured US$20 million, representing a 293 per cent increase compared to the US$5.1 million raised in 2022.

IPO activity also declined, with only two recorded in 2024, a 33 per cent decrease from the three in 2023. However, acquisition activity saw an upward move, with eight acquisitions in 2024, double the number in 2023.

Also Read: From fintech to IoT: Southeast Asia’s standout startups with the largest funding rounds in 2024

Despite the funding downturn, the healthtech and life sciences sector is still considered to have good potential, driven by digitalisation and evolving consumer needs. Initiatives like the MedTech Innovator Asia Pacific Accelerator Program continue to support startups. The sector’s focus on technological advancements and healthcare transformation suggests promising long-term prospects.

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Gold rises and tech falls: A tale of two markets

Key points

  • Global markets remain uncertain, with the tech sector driving volatility
  • Korean tech giants SK Hynix and Samsung saw declines, impacting Asian equities
  • Holiday closures in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan added to market anticipation
  • AI-linked tech stocks faced a sell-off, shifting investor sentiment
  • Tariff threats from Trump against Mexico and Canada heightened trade tensions
  • US markets showed resilience, with the MSCI index rising slightly
  • Gold prices neared US$2,800 per ounce, signalling investor caution
  • Crypto markets saw regulatory shifts, including Thai finance reforms and Kraken’s return to staking
  • Concerns over a potential crypto bubble persist amid policy changes
  • Speculation grows around central banks buying Bitcoin under Trump’s policies

The air of uncertainty that has been lingering over global markets was palpable today, as the tech sector in the United States added to the tension. It’s clear that the performance of major tech firms can sway the market’s mood, and with Korean tech giants like SK Hynix and Samsung Electronics taking a hit as their markets reopened after the Lunar New Year, the ripple effects were felt across Asian equities. It’s like watching dominos fall; one market’s performance can echo through others, especially when tech behemoths are involved.

Meanwhile, the holiday closure in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan added another layer of quietness to an already cautious market. This pause, while expected, left investors in a state of anticipation, wondering how the return of these markets might alter the current landscape.

The tech earnings season is under a microscope, especially after the dramatic sell-off in shares linked to artificial intelligence. It’s a stark reminder of how quickly investor sentiment can shift from optimism to skepticism. When we delve into these earnings, we’re not just looking at numbers; we’re reading the tea leaves of future innovation, market demand, and the viability of new tech frontiers.

And then there’s the geopolitical chess game with Trump’s tariff threats against Mexico and Canada, which not only impacted their currencies but also sent a shiver through global trade relations. This isn’t just about tariffs; it’s about the broader implications for international cooperation, trade agreements, and the global supply chain that tech relies on.

Also Read: What startup should I start based on market trends in 2025?

On the US market front, it has showed resilience, with the MSCI index inching up, led by the utilities sector. This movement might seem minor, but in the context of recent volatility, it’s a signal of stability, or at least, a search for it. The slight dip in Treasury yields might be a whisper of investors seeking safety, or perhaps a recalibration in expectations about future economic growth. In a way, it’s like watching the tide; the subtle shifts can tell you a lot about the coming storms or calm.

Gold’s persistent climb towards US$2,800 per ounce speaks volumes about where investors are parking their money amidst these uncertainties. Even Brent crude held steady, though the spectre of tariffs on major oil suppliers like Canada and Mexico casts a shadow over future price movements. It’s a delicate balance, where energy prices could either fuel recovery or fan the flames of inflation.

Turning my gaze to the digital realm, the crypto space is buzzing with developments. I see Barry Silbert’s Digital Currency Group diving into crypto mining, signalling a deepening commitment to this volatile yet promising sector. This isn’t just about mining; it’s about staking a claim in the future of money. The Thai finance minister’s proposal for a single license for securities and crypto trading could be a game-changer, potentially smoothing the path for more integrated financial systems. It’s an acknowledgment that the lines between traditional finance and digital assets are blurring, necessitating new frameworks of regulation and understanding.

However, the warnings from hedge fund Elliott about a crypto bubble inflated by policy missteps are concerning; it’s a reminder of the fragility inherent in this market. The narrative around cryptocurrencies oscillates between innovation and speculation, and the fine line between the two can mean the difference between boom or bust. Kraken’s return to staking in the US post-SEC tussle is a testament to the sector’s resilience and adaptability to regulatory pressures. It’s like watching a phoenix rise from the ashes, showing that even under scrutiny, the crypto market finds ways to thrive and adapt.

Also Read: DeepSeeking the future: The ripple effect on tech, crypto, and global markets

And then there’s the intriguing speculation about central banks potentially buying Bitcoin under Trump’s crypto policies—a scenario that could redefine the relationship between traditional finance and digital currencies. This isn’t just about Bitcoin; it’s about the acknowledgment that cryptocurrencies could play a role in monetary policy, liquidity, or even as a hedge against traditional financial crises. Fed Chair Powell’s cautious endorsement of banks serving crypto clients with proper risk management further underscores the mainstreaming of cryptocurrency, albeit with a careful eye on stability.

From my perspective, we’re standing at a crossroads where traditional economics meets the digital frontier. The markets are a complex dance of policy, technology, and human behaviour, and today’s movements are just steps in that ongoing dance. For investors, this environment demands not just vigilance but also an openness to adapt to the rapidly evolving landscape where digital assets might just be the next big asset class. It’s clear that understanding and navigating these intersections will be key to not just surviving but thriving in this era of financial transformation.

The world of finance is becoming an intricate tapestry where every thread—be it tech stocks, geopolitical maneuvers, or the rise of digital currencies—interweaves to create a picture of both risk and opportunity. Today’s market movements are not just about today but are harbingers of the financial paradigms we’re moving towards. As we navigate this terrain, the ability to read, adapt, and anticipate will define the winners and losers in this new economic reality.

Editor’s note: e27 aims to foster thought leadership by publishing views from the community. Share your opinion by submitting an article, video, podcast, or infographic.

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Ecosystem Roundup: AI’s new battleground: OpenAI vs. DeepSeek | Rakuten drops IPO plan | SoftBank said to invest US$25B in OpenAI

Dear reader,

The rise of DeepSeek signals a seismic shift in AI competition, challenging OpenAI’s dominance and exposing the fragility of US-led AI innovation. OpenAI’s concerns over “knowledge distillation” highlight an uncomfortable truth—AI progress is built on open research, but when that openness benefits rivals, the rules suddenly change.

The US has long championed free-market innovation, yet its response to China’s AI advancements leans heavily on protectionism—export controls, investment restrictions, and now potential legal action.

While these measures may slow competitors like DeepSeek, they also expose a deeper issue: Can AI leadership be sustained through barriers rather than breakthroughs?

Meanwhile, accusations of intellectual property misuse raise broader ethical questions. Many of the same US firms now calling out AI copying have themselves built on open-source research. The AI race is increasingly mirroring the semiconductor war—where cutting off supply chains and imposing restrictions might delay competition, but won’t stop it.

For startups in Southeast Asia, this battle underscores the need for self-reliance and innovation beyond regulatory shields. As AI technology continues to globalise, those who can adapt and iterate—rather than simply block competition—will be the true winners.

Sainul,
Editor.

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NEWS & VIEWS

OpenAI says Chinese rivals using its work for their AI apps
The status of OpenAI – and other US firms – as the world leaders in AI has been dramatically undermined this week by the sudden emergence of DeepSeek, a Chinese app that can emulate the performance of ChatGPT, apparently at a fraction of the cost.

DeepSeek gets Silicon Valley talking
R1 seemingly matches or beats OpenAI’s o1 model on certain AI benchmarks. The company claims one of its models only costs US$5.6M to train, compared to the hundreds of millions of dollars that leading American companies pay to train theirs.

DeepSeek: Everything you need to know about the AI chatbot app
Being a reasoning model, R1 effectively fact-checks itself, which helps it to avoid some of the pitfalls that normally trip up models | Reasoning models take a little longer to arrive at solutions compared to a typical non-reasoning model.

Tech stocks drop after DeepSeek’s low-cost AI release
US Nasdaq futures fell over 3%, while S&P 500 futures dropped nearly 2% | AI chipmaker Nvidia experienced an 8.4% decline during premarket trading | Major tech firms like Microsoft, Meta Platforms, and Alphabet saw declines of 4%, 3.7%, and 3.1%, respectively.

Alibaba releases AI model it says surpasses DeepSeek
The unusual timing of the Qwen 2.5-Max’s release on Chinese New Year points to the pressure Chinese AI startup DeepSeek’s meteoric rise in the past three weeks has placed on not just overseas rivals, but also its domestic competition.

DeepSeek’s AI chatbot disrupts Southeast Asia’s data centres
With the development of its free AI chatbot, DeepSeek has undercut major competitors like OpenAI and Google’s Gemini, questioning the viability of resource-intensive data centre strategies in the region.

Rakuten drops IPO plan, shifts strategy in competitive market
The Japanese company initially sought an IPO to stabilise its finances after entering the competitive wireless carrier market | Rakuten has now opted to focus on strengthening its collaboration with Mizuho Securities Co.

Google staff worry about potential layoffs, call for buyouts
Over 1,250 Google employees in the US and Canada have asked the company not to use low-performance reviews as justification for dismissals | This petition comes amid ongoing cost-cutting measures at Google.

Thailand approves TikTok’s US$3.8B investment
This investment will support data hosting services, with operations expected to commence in 2025 | Other companies – including Amazon Web Services, Google, and Australia’s NextDC – have announced plans for similar developments in Thailand.

SoftBank said to invest US$25B in OpenAI
If this investment is confirmed, SoftBank would become the largest backer of the AI company | SoftBank’s direct investment in OpenAI may range from US$15B to US$25B, in addition to its existing US$15B commitment to Project Stargate.

AI app spending hits US$2B, ChatGPT leads market: report
Since its mobile release in May 2023, ChatGPT has generated US$529B in revenue, far surpassing competitors | Global spending on AI apps nearly quadrupled in 2024, reaching US$1.4B in that year alone, with notable growth in the final quarter.

Microsoft, Meta defend AI spending amid DeepSeek disruption
Mark Zuckerberg stated that heavy spending on AI infrastructure would be a long-term advantage for Meta | Satya Nadella emphasized that Microsoft’s investments are necessary to overcome capacity constraints and meet rising AI demand.

US nominee claims DeepSeek used stolen US technology
President Trump’s commerce secretary nominee, Howard Lutnick, emphasised the need for the US to set global AI standards, similar to its cybersecurity framework, to maintain leadership in the field.

Ex-Binance CEO’s YZi Labs invests US$16M in token platform
The platform, Sign, specialises in token distribution and on-chain credential verification | Sign is recognised for its token airdrop services | It aims to streamline the distribution of new cryptocurrencies.

OpenAI requests Indian court to dismiss copyright lawsuit
The Federation of Indian Publishers claims that OpenAI’s ChatGPT generates book summaries and extracts from unlicensed copies, thus violating intellectual property rights.

FEATURES & INTERVIEWS

SquareX’s paradigm shift: Tackling cyber threats one browser at a time
Unlike traditional solutions that focus on prevention by blocking known threats, SquareX adopts an attack-focused approach, detecting and neutralising attacks as they happen.

Easing access to government bonds: Libeara’s vision for financial inclusion
Libeara’s platform enables governments to issue bonds directly to citizens in low denominations, eliminating unnecessary intermediaries.

The 2 forces shaping coffee consumption and how Fore Coffee uses them to push for growth
With 61 new outlets launched across 43 cities in Indonesia and one in Singapore, Fore Coffee operates 217 locations as of September 2024.

FROM THE ARCHIVES

Beyond disposal: How businesses can embrace sustainable IT practices in Malaysia
Businesses can contribute to sustainable practices by adopting circular economy principles and making eco-conscious choices.

Proactive defense: The role of incident response plans in cybersecurity
Organisations must proactively plan for cybersecurity threats with tailored strategies rather than adopting a reactive stance.

Charting a clear course: Building effective communication in SEA’s hybrid work era
Between hybrid and remote teams, problems of communication can be a source of endless frustration for employees and managers.

From peak scrolling to personalised communities: The Gen AI solution
As AI drives change, creators aiming to build a Gen AI app must reassess data flows to craft a magical, creative Gen-AI experience with meaningful data.

Exploring the boundaries of AI: What AI can or cannot do?
AI holds immense promise to transform industries and enhance human capabilities, revolutionising businesses worldwide.

What is the risk of a cyber attack on my company?
If your company employs 100+ individuals, the probability of having at least one vulnerable employee is virtually inevitable | This reality compels business leaders to confront a harsh truth — it’s not a matter of if their company will experience a breach, but rather when it will occur.

Why do people fall for online scams in this digital age?
Insufficient cybersecurity invites identity theft and financial losses as scams target both money and personal information.

Shield your business: A guide to common scams targeting small businesses
As scams become more sophisticated, especially through convincing emails, small business owners must stay vigilant and train their teams.

Securing Singapore’s leadership in AI Innovation
Singapore fosters an ecosystem promoting experimentation, investment, and knowledge exchange, enabling AI technologies to flourish.

Beyond the money: How small angel cheque fuels startup success
Small angel cheques in startup fundraising showcase the dynamic interconnectedness of the investment ecosystem.

Digital scams are on the rise – Is Asia ready for the fight?
The region’s rapid digital expansion has created fertile ground for malicious activities to flourish online, leaving individuals exposed to phishing attempts, AI-powered deepfakes, and a growing range of online cons.

Why Dive Analytics sets its sights on Latin America for its strategic global expansion
Singapore-based edutech company Dive Analytics calls its approach to entering Latin America strategic and collaborative.

Will hybrid schooling break walls for the next generation?
Here’s why I think the hybrid model makes sense for our education system; and how Edutech is making it happen.

How Noodle Factory addresses educator burnout with its AI-powered teaching assistants
Using AI, Noodle Factory provides human-like lessons, creating a personalised learning experience for learners.

Reimagining tuition: How tutors can stay ahead of an evolving learning system
All in all, like any other industry that has been around for a long time, tuition centres must be proactive in embracing and initiating change to remain competitive.

The future of blockchain technology goes beyond just cryptocurrency and NFTs
Even in this intimidating climate, governments worldwide are still experimenting with blockchain technologies and cryptocurrencies.

Decoding digital preferences: A glimpse into the future of health tech ecosystem in SEA
Digital learning trends, peer networks, and healthcare’s alignment with learning habits bode well for health tech innovations in the region.

Post-pandemic education: Why edutech remains a game-changer
It is an exciting time for the world of edutech as we are now presented with the unique opportunity to push boundaries and reinvent ourselves.

THOUGHT LEADERSHIP

DeepSeeking the future: The ripple effect on tech, crypto, and global markets
The global financial landscape is rapidly evolving, shaped by technology, policy shifts, and changing market dynamics.

Tech SMEs play key role in fuelling Asia’s digital economy boom
In a region rich in diversity, SMEs are using digital tools to innovate, adapt, and thrive—shaping the future of Asia’s economic landscape.

Creating agile workspaces: Why flexibility is key in today’s manufacturing landscape
Agile workspaces continue to evolve, driven by technology, market changes, and an increasing focus on sustainability.

The AI age is changing the data centre industry – Here’s how Singapore can pivot
With resilience, innovation, and sustainability, Singapore can achieve its vision and set a precedent for the region and beyond.

Navigating Web3: Challenges and triumphs on the path to decentralisation
Understanding Web3’s potential requires placing it in the context of the Network Economy, which has reshaped industries over the past decade.

Johor-Singapore SEZ: 1963 reimagined?
JS-SEZ offers a chance to strengthen the strategic partnership between Singapore and Malaysia, as their political ties remain solid.

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Report: Singaporeans are among the most optimistic about the economic impact of AI

A new global survey conducted by Ipsos and Google has highlighted a growing positive attitude towards artificial intelligence (AI) worldwide.

The study, titled Our Life with AI: From Innovation to Application, surveyed 21,000 individuals across 21 countries, including Singapore. It found that global usage has reached 48 per cent, with enthusiasm about its potential now outweighing concerns.

Among the key findings, the Asia Pacific (APAC) region—where Singapore is included—demonstrated the highest rates of AI usage. This indicates that adoption is particularly widespread in Singapore, driven by the country’s strong digital infrastructure and tech-savvy population.

Singaporean users engage with AI for a variety of purposes, including entertainment, work-related tasks, personal communication, and education. In the workplace, while country-specific data is not explicitly detailed in the report, AI is commonly used for writing and communications, problem-solving, brainstorming, document summarisation, analysing complex information, and learning new topics.

Given Singapore’s status as a regional business hub, enterprises in the country are likely to integrate the tech into their workflows to enhance productivity and efficiency.

Also Read: AI, transparency, and the rising threat of ad fraud in Google’s Performance Max

Optimism about AI’s benefits

Singaporeans are not only active users but also among the most optimistic about its impact. The survey indicates that a majority of Singaporeans believe AI will bring significant benefits across multiple areas.

Personal benefits
AI-powered applications are being used to assist with daily tasks, such as online searches, acting as personal assistants, and serving as personalised tutors. These tools enhance convenience and efficiency, allowing individuals to complete tasks more quickly and effectively. AI also plays a role in improving healthcare services by enabling early diagnosis and personalised treatment recommendations.

Economic and business advantages
Singaporeans have strong confidence in AI’s ability to positively transform the economy. Businesses are leveraging AI to improve customer service, streamline supply chains, and enhance decision-making through predictive analytics. AI-driven automation is helping businesses reduce operational costs while boosting productivity and innovation. The technology is also fostering the growth of new industries, creating job opportunities in AI-related fields.

Education and workforce development
AI is playing an increasingly important role in education, with adaptive learning platforms providing personalised instruction based on individual needs. For professionals, AI-powered tools help in upskilling, enabling them to stay competitive in an evolving job market. This has positioned Singapore as a leader in workforce preparedness.

Also Read: Caroline Yap of Google Cloud: AI transformation at scale requires people as much as technology

The government has implemented policies to support AI adoption while maintaining ethical and legal safeguards. Initiatives such as Singapore’s National AI Strategy demonstrate a structured approach to integrating the tech across various sectors, ensuring that the benefits are maximised while potential risks are mitigated.

Given Singapore’s well-established position as a tech-driven economy, its high adoption rates and positive outlook suggest that the country will continue to be a leader in AI innovation. The Ipsos and Google survey highlights a growing global trend towards AI acceptance, and in Singapore, this trend appears particularly strong.

Image Credit: Eddy Billard on Unsplash

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Agentification is one of the top tech trends of 2025. Here is what you need to know

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to advance, a key trend shaping the technological landscape in 2025 is “agentification.” Highlighted in Capgemini’s TechnoVision 2025 report, agentification represents a shift in AI from performing isolated tasks to operating as interconnected and autonomous agents.

This evolution is expected to transform industries by improving efficiency, decision-making, and adaptability.

What is agentification?

Agentification refers to the development of AI systems that function as independent agents rather than mere tools for singular tasks. These AI agents are designed to interact, collaborate, and manage increasingly complex processes with minimal human intervention.

Unlike traditional AI applications that require direct input and oversight, agentified systems operate autonomously, leveraging advanced reasoning and learning capabilities.

One of the most significant advancements in this area is the emergence of superagents, AI systems that orchestrate multiple models to optimise processes. These superagents act as decision-makers, integrating insights from different AI models to create a more cohesive and responsive technological ecosystem.

The move towards autonomous AI agents is driven by several tech advancements, particularly in generative AI (Gen AI). These improvements enable AI to take on responsibilities previously managed by humans, such as predictive maintenance, supply chain management, and risk assessment. The ability to provide “reliable, evidence-based outputs” is a key factor in making these agents viable for real-world applications.

Also Read: Report: Singaporeans are among the most optimistic about the economic impact of AI

Multi-agent systems are also becoming more adept at complex and dynamic decision-making. By leveraging transformer models and other advanced AI architectures, these systems can process vast amounts of data, recognise patterns, and react to unpredictable situations.

This makes agentification particularly valuable in industries that require real-time responses, such as healthcare, finance, and legal services.

Industry impacts

Agentification is poised to revolutionise various industries by introducing AI-driven decision-making and automation. Some of the key sectors expected to benefit include:

Healthcare
AI agents can enhance diagnostics, monitor patient health, and assist in personalised treatment plans, reducing the burden on medical professionals.

Financial services
AI-driven agents can manage fraud detection, risk assessment, and automated trading, improving efficiency and security.

Supply chain management
AI agents can optimise logistics, predict disruptions, and streamline operations, increasing resilience and agility.

Cybersecurity
AI-enhanced cyber defences can detect and respond to threats in real-time, mitigating risks associated with Gen AI-driven cyberattacks.

Also Read: Startup ecosystem in Indonesia defies innovation potential expectation in new global report

The rise of superagents

A survey by the Capgemini Research Institute found that 32 per cent of top executives consider AI agents the leading tech trend in data and AI for 2025. This underscores the growing recognition of agentification as a transformative force in business operations.

Furthermore, a crucial development within agentification is the emergence of superagents. These systems go beyond individual AI agents by coordinating multiple AI models to optimise performance and decision-making. Superagents act as orchestrators, integrating insights from different AI sources to provide a comprehensive and efficient solution.

This multi-layered AI approach allows businesses to scale applications more effectively, reducing inefficiencies and enhancing productivity.

Superagents will likely play a central role in enterprise AI ecosystems, facilitating seamless interaction between different AI models and automating complex workflows.

Despite its potential, agentification comes with challenges that must be addressed to ensure responsible implementation:

Reliability and accountability
As AI systems become more autonomous, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of their outputs remains a priority. Mechanisms for error detection and human oversight must be integrated into AI agent frameworks.

Ethical considerations
With AI making more decisions independently, ethical concerns around bias, privacy, and decision transparency must be carefully managed.

Security risks
As AI systems become more interconnected, they also become more vulnerable to cyber threats. Companies will need robust cybersecurity measures to protect AI ecosystems from potential attacks.

Also Read: Report: New fintech talents emerge as GenAI becomes increasingly popular in Singapore

AI’s broader influence in 2025

Beyond agentification, AI is expected to drive several other key technological advancements in 2025:

Cybersecurity
AI is both a threat and a defence mechanism, with more sophisticated AI-driven attacks emerging alongside advanced AI-powered security solutions.

Robotics
AI is improving robotics, enabling them to adapt to various environments and work alongside humans more efficiently.

Energy industry
The massive energy demands of AI are driving investments in alternative energy sources, particularly nuclear power.

Supply chain innovation
AI, in combination with blockchain, IoT, and satellite connectivity, is improving predictive analytics and operational efficiency.

The rise of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is also a topic of increasing discussion. Predictions suggest that AGI may reach commercial viability by 2030, with 60 per cent of top executives and venture capitalists believing in its maturation within this timeframe. This indicates a broader shift towards AI systems that can reason and operate beyond narrow applications.

Image Credit: Andy Kelly on Unsplash

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